4D Printing This is the updated version of 3D printing where an object can change its shape over time in external situations for changes in material based on temperature or humidity and many conditions like that. 4D printing is achieved by using special materials save memory polymers (SMPs). SMPs are a special type of polymer with the ability to change shape in response to specific external situations based on temperature moisture pH level etc. There are some types of SMPs that can be used for the printing Moisture-responsive SMPs is programmed to change shape when exposed to moisture between two different shapes at different levels of humidity Light-responsive SMPs change shape between different wavelengths of light Thermoplastic SMPs change shape in eight different temperatures pH-responsive SMPs changes shape on different Ph levels. Magnetic responsive SMPs change shape in a magnetic field. All these types of qualities add 4th dimension to 3D-printed objects Applications of 4
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